一、“不”字句:用“不”字句表达禁止性规范,庄重严肃,简洁明快。“不”一般翻译成shalll not, 然而,“不”经常被翻译成may not,这与英语中的一些否定表达方法相对应,因此不再重复。注意根据实际情况选择不同程度的否定表达。
例1:没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部分或全部。判处没收财产时,不得没收犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。(刑法第五十九条) 参考译文:Confiscationof property refers to the confiscation of part of all of the property personally owned by a criminal. When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal’s family member owns or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.
类似于“不允许”语义的有“不允许、不允许、不允许”等。
例2:判决宣告前一人犯数罪的,除判处死刑、无期徒刑外,应当酌情决定总刑期以下、最高刑期以上的刑期;但最高控制不得超过三年,拘役不得超过一年,有期徒刑不得超过二十年。 参考译文:For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be decided in such a way that it may not exceed the total of the terms for all the crimes and must be longer than the maximum term for any one of the crimes, depending on the circumstances of each case. However, the term of publicsurveillancemay not exceed three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed twenty years.
二、“禁止”字句:“禁止”字句通常在汉译英过程中翻译成be prohibited 句式。
例1 禁止证券交易内幕信息的知情人和非法获取内幕信息的人使用内幕信息从事证券交易活动。 参考译文:Persons possessing inside information relating to securities trading and persons obtaining such information unlawfully are prohibited from making use of such inside information in securities trading activities. 禁止任何人以任何方式扰乱社会秩序。严重扰乱社会秩序,导致工作、生产、经营、教学、科研失败,国家和社会遭受严重损失的,处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。 参考译文: it shall be prohibited for anyone to disturb public order by any means. If the circumstances of the public disturbance are so serious that work, production, business, education or scientific research cannot be conducted and the state and society suffer serious losses, the ringleaders shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.
第三,“处”字句:用“处”字句表示禁止规范有两个特点:一是语义上不同于“不”字句,用具体制裁表示禁止。其次,在结构上,主语往往是“”字结构,突出犯罪主体或犯罪行为,简介庄重;谓语部分的“处”字突出了对犯罪主体或犯罪行为的处理。
“地方”一般是被动句,为了使行为简单,实施(司法机关)一般不出现。有时,为了使语义清晰,实施(司法机关)也可以出现,通常被翻译成be sentenced to句式。请参见以下例子:
策动、勾引、收购国家工作人员、武装部队、人民警察、民兵投敌叛变或者叛乱的,处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。第九十三条刑法
参考译文:Whoever instigates lures or bribes a state functionary or a member of the armed forces, the people’s police or the people’s militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor or to rise in rebellion shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years.
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