7月4日是美国独立日，1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过托马斯•《独立宣言》由杰佛逊起草。
【背景知识】
1776年7月4日，托玛斯独立宣言•杰斐逊起草了由其他13个殖民地代表签署的美国独立文件。欧洲启蒙思想早在独立前100多年就开始在北美传播，为《独立宣言》的发表奠定了理论基础。在欧洲启蒙思想的影响下，北美殖民地也产生了自己的启蒙思想家，代表人物是本杰明•富兰克林(1706-1790)和托马斯•杰斐逊(1743-1826)反对奴隶制，主张人民享有自由平等的权利。并喊出:“没有代表权，就不能征税”(“No Taxation without Representation)口号。这个口号最初是英国政治的基本原则，用于英国贵族和王室之间的斗争，但殖民者在独立战争期间用它来捍卫他们的权利。
以下是美国独立宣言的全文：
The Declaration of Independence
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4,
1776 THE UNANIMOUS
DECLARATION OF THE
THIRTEEN UNITED
STATES OF AMERAICA
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个国家必须解除与另一个国家的联系，并以独立和平等的身份站在世界上的森林中，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须宣布驱使他们独立的原因。
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
我们认为以下真理是不言而喻的：生活是平等的，创造者赋予他们一些不可放弃的权利，包括生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。为了保护这些权利，人们在其中建立了政府，政府的合法权利是经统治者同意授予的。一旦任何形式的政府破坏了这些目标，人们就有权更换或废除它们，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式使人们认为，只有这样，他们才最有可能获得安全和幸福。若要谨慎，成立多年的政府不应因无关紧要和暂时的原因而更换。过去所有的经验都表明，任何痛苦，只要仍然可以忍受，人类仍然愿意忍受，也不想废除他们长期习惯的政府形式。然而，当一系列滥用职权、强迫同一目标的行为表明政府试图将人民置于专制暴政之下时，人民有权有义务推翻这些政府，为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的原因，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。今天列颠王国的历史是多次伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史。其直接目标是在各州以上建立独裁暴政。为证明上述句子属实，现将事实公之于世，让公正的世界作出判断。
He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
他拒绝批准最有利、最必要的公共利益法律。
He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.
他迫切禁止殖民总督批准极其重要的法律，或者先搁置法律，直到他同意。这些法律被搁置后，他完全忽略了它们。
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
他拒绝批准其他方便大地区人民的法律，除非这些地区的人民愿意放弃他们在立法机构的代表权；代表权对人民非常珍贵，只有暴君害怕它。
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
他把各州的立法委员召集到一个不寻常、不舒服、远离他们档案库的地方开会。他的目的无非是让他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.
由于后者坚决反对他侵犯人民权利，他一再解散各州众议院。
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.
解散众议院后，他长期拒绝选择其他人，因此不可剥夺的立法权由普通人行使，导致各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的危险之中。
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.
他试图阻止各州增加人口。为此，他阻止了外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，提高了新土地分配的条件。
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.
为了阻止司法的执行，他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律。
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.
他迫使法官控制自己的个人意志，以维持任期、工资金额和支付。
He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.
他滥设新官署，派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财产。
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.
在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，他在我们中间维持了他的常备军。
He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
他施加了影响，使军队独立于文官政权，超越了文官政权。
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
他与他人勾结，将我们置于不符合我们法律法规或未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，并批准他们制定的各种伪法案，以便让他们驻扎在我们中间的大量武装部队；
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.
不管这些人对我们各州居民犯下多么严重的谋杀罪，他都可以通过加审来保护他们，让他们逍遥法外；
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
他可以切断我们与世界各地的贸易；
For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
未经我们同意，向我们征税；
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
剥夺我们在许多情况下享有陪审制度的权益；
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;
以莫须有的罪名将我们押送海外受审；
For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;
他在一个邻近的省份废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立了专制政府，扩大了他的领土，使它立即成为一个模型和合适的工具，以便在这里的殖民地实施相同的专制统治；
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;
他取消了我们的许多特许权，废除了我们最珍贵的法律，从根本上改变了我们各州政府的形式；
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
他终止了我们的立法机构行使权力，声称他们有权在任何情况下为我们制定法律。
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.
他们放弃了这里的政府，声称我们不再受到他们的保护，并向我们发动了战争。
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
他掠夺我们的海域，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，伤害我们人民的生命。
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
此时，他正在运送大量外国雇佣兵从事他的死亡、荒凉和暴政活动。他的残忍和卑鄙从一开始就很难与最野蛮的时代相比。他根本不配成为文明国家的元首。
He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
他强迫我们在公海被俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，让他们成为杀害亲友的刽子手，或者让他们死在亲友手下。
He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
他煽动我们中间的内乱，试图煽动残酷无情的印地安蛮子与我们边境的居民打交道。众所周知，印地安人作战的标准是不分男女老幼，是非曲直。
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
在这些压迫的每个阶段，我们都呼吁用最谦卑的话来纠正它。我们一次又一次的愿望只是一次又一次地受到伤害。当一个君主的性格被每一个只有暴君才能的行为所暴露时，他就不配得到自由的人。
Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.
并非我们没有想到我们在英国的兄弟。他们的立法机关希望向我们扩大不合理的管辖权，我们经常通知他们这种尝试。我们还告诉他们移民来这里定居的情况。我们恳求他们天生的正义感和优雅，在同一个家庭的分数上抛弃这些掠夺，因为这些掠夺将不可避免地中断我们之间的关系和联系。但他们也充耳不闻这种正义和同宗的呼声。因此，我们不得不宣布与他们分离，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：与我战斗的人是敌人；与我和好人是朋友。
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States; that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
因此，我们在大陆会议上聚集的美国代表以殖民地善良人民的名义向世界最高裁判投诉，解释了我们的严重意图，郑重宣布我们的殖民地现在是，应该是独立自由的国家；我们忠于英国王室的所有义务，我们切断了英国与英国的所有政治联系，而且必须断绝。作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。我们坚定地相信上帝的祝福，并以我们的生命、财产和神圣的声誉相互宣誓来支持这一声明。
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