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英汉语言翻译的作用

作者:瑞科翻译 时间:2023-05-11 16:29:44 来源:瑞科翻译官网 标签:

英语和汉语在句法、词汇、修辞等方面都有很大的差异,所以在英语和汉语翻译中不可避免地会遇到很多困难,需要一定的翻译技能来指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省翻译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正翻译法、反翻译法、倒置法、包装法、插入法、重组法、综合法等。这些技能不仅可以应用于翻译,也可以应用于翻译过程,而且应该更熟练,因为翻译工作的特点决定了翻译没有更多的时间思考。

1添加法:指根据英语和汉语的不同思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译过程中添加一些单词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达原文所包含的意义。这种方法主要用于汉语翻译和英语。汉语无主句较多,英语句一般有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句时,除了少数英语无主句、被动语态或“There

be除了翻译结构外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英语和汉语在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也有很大的不同。代词在英语中使用频率较高。说到人的器官和属于某人或与某人有关的东西,必须在前面添加物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要补充主代词,在英译汉时需要根据情况适当删除。英语单词和单词、短语和短语以及句子和句子的逻辑关系通常用连词来表示,而汉语通常用上下文和语序来表示。因此,在汉译英中经常需要补充连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。此外,在翻译英语时,还应注意在原文中添加一些隐含但不清楚的单词和一些概括和注释性的单词,以确保翻译意义的完整性。总之,通过增译,一是保证翻译语法结构的完整性,二是保证翻译意义的明确性。如:

(1)What about calling him right away?马上给他打电话,你怎么想呢 (主语和谓语的增译)

(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.如果我能看到四个现代化应该实现多好啊!(增译主句)

(3) Indeed, the reverse is true的实际情况恰恰相反。(增译名词)

(4) 即使是法西斯国家的人民也被剥夺了人权。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their humanrights.(增译物主代词)

(5)只允许州官放火,不允许人们点灯。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people wereforbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)

(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。This is yet another common point between the people of our twocountries.(增译介词)

(7)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小,以强欺弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the bigoppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗示词语)

(8)三个臭皮匠合成诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang themastermind.(增译注释性词语)

2. 省级翻译:这是一种与增译相对应的翻译方法,即删除不符合目标语言思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的单词,以避免翻译负担。另一个例子是:

(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.

在访问北京期间,你住在这家酒店。(省翻译主代词)

(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望你在这里过得愉快。(省译物主代词)

(3)中国政府一直重视环境保护。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to

environmental protection. (省译名词)

3转换方法:指在翻译过程中,为了使翻译符合目标语言的表达方式、方法和习惯,转换原句中的词类、句型和语态。具体来说,就词性而言,将名词转换为代词、形容词和动词;将动词转换为名词、形容词、副词和介词;将形容词转换为副词和短语。在句子成分方面,将主语转化为状语、定语、宾语和表语;将谓语转化为主语、定语和表语;将定语转化为状语和主语;将宾语转化为主语。在句型方面,并列句变成复合句,复合句变成并列句,状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,主动语态可以变成被动语态。如:

(1) 受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and

the municipal government. (名词转动词)

(2)Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of

children.

看太多电视会极大地损害孩子的视力。(名词转动词)

(3)由于我们实施了改革开放政策,我国综合国力明显增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our

comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

(4) I'm all for you opinion.

我完全同意你的意见。(介词转动词)

(5)The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.

全中国人民都支持改革开放政策。(动词转名词)

(6)In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his

environment.

在文章中,作者批评人类对自身环境的疏忽。(形容词转名词)

(7)In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest

social benefits such as medical insurance.

在一些欧洲国家,人们享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险。(被动语态转为主动语态)

(8)时间不早了,我们回去吧!

We don't have much time left. Let's go back. (句型转换)

(9)学生要德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.

(名词转副词)

4.拆句法和合并法:这是两种相应的翻译方法。拆句法是将一个长而复杂的句子拆解成几个短而简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是将几个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构松散,所以简单句多;英语强调形合,结构严密,所以长句多。因此,在翻译英语时,要注意使用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等。将汉语短句连接成长句;在翻译汉语时,往往要切断原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处、意义结束处的长句,翻译成汉语分句。这样,英语语序基本保留,全句顺译,符合现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。

如:

(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United

States.

加强与中国的合作,符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译)

(2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the

Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感谢你们无与伦比的热情款待。正是因为这种热情好客,中国人才闻名于世。(定语从句前拆译)

(3)This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see

Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the

community will take their interests into account

尤其是英联邦国家,他们认为英国加入欧洲共产党将确保欧洲共产党的政策照顾他们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译)

(4)中国是一个大国,80%的人从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他土地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in

agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being

mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)

5.正译法和反译法:这两种方法通常用于汉译英语,偶尔用于英译汉语。所谓正译,是指按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式将句子翻译成英语。所谓反译,是指按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式将句子翻译成英语。正译和反译通常具有同义效应,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此,它更真实。例如:

(1) 在美国,每个人都可以买枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)

(2) 您可以从因特网获取此信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)

This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)

(3) 他突然想到了一个新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)

He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)

(4) 他还是不明白我的意思。

He still could not understand me. (正译)

Still he failed to understand me. (反译)

(5) 无论如何,她都不是一个思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)

She is anything but a bright student. (反译)

(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.

请暂时扣除此文件。(正译)

请暂时不要发送此文件。(反译)

6.

倒置法:在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语往往位于修饰语之后,因此在翻译时往往需要颠倒原文的语序。倒置法通常用于英汉翻译,

也就是说,英语长句按照汉语习惯表达法前后交换,按意义或全部倒置。原则是使汉语翻译句子的安排符合现代汉语理论叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉英翻译。例如:

(1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people

are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the

whole history of the world.

此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们演讲的人比世界历史上任何其他场合都多。(部分倒置)

(2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that

Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European

Community.

我坚信,英国仍然应该是欧洲共产党的积极和充满活力的成员,这符合中国人民的利益。(部分倒置)

(3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大变化。

Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the

reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)

7.妊娠包装方法:该方法主要用于英语翻译和汉语。所谓的妊娠包装是指在将英语长句翻译成汉语时,按照汉语的正常顺序将英语后置成分放在中心词之前,使修改成分在汉语句子中形成前置妊娠包装。但修改成分不宜过长,否则会形成延迟或中文句子成分之间的纠缠。例如:

(1)You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which

China feels particularly close. 你是一个让中国感到亲切的国家和大陆的代表。

(2)What brings us together is that we have common interests which

transcend those differences. 让我们走到一起的是,我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。

8

.插入法:用折号、括号或逗号插入难以处理的句子成分。这种方法主要用于翻译。偶尔也用于口译,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句处理一些解释性成分。例如:

如果我们宣布收回香港,就像我们妻子说的“灾难性影响”,我们应该勇敢地面对灾难,做出决定。

If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as

Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely

and make a new policy decision.

9.

重组方法:指在翻译汉语时,为了使翻译流畅,更符合汉语叙事理论的习惯,在理清英语长句结构、理解英语原意的基础上,彻底摆脱原语序和句子形式,重新组合句子。例如:

Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much

as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making

certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and

purpose.

我们必须花很多时间来确保关键人物按照相同的情报和目的行事,这对身体的耐力和思维能力是一个很大的考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者应该迅速做出决定。

10.综合法:指单独使用某种翻译技巧无法翻译时,注重章节,以逻辑分析为基础,同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省翻译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧。