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上海翻译公司:英语翻译技巧增词

作者:瑞科翻译 时间:2023-06-12 14:19:27 来源:瑞科翻译官网 标签: 翻译上海翻译公司翻译公司

由于英语和汉语的表达方式不同,翻译往往需要适当增加翻译的单词数量,使翻译不仅能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,而且能满足翻译语言的表达习惯。但是,必须根据具体情况添加必不可少的单词。添加词通常用于以下三种情况:一种是语法需要;另一种是意义上的需要;第三种是修辞的需要。
一、为了语法的需要
如果英语中没有量词,则必须根据汉语的表达习惯增加适当的量词。例如:
(1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.
东南部呈现淡红色,正在向远处扩展。
(2) The sun rose thinly from the sea.
一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
(3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.
蜿蜒的小溪流过山谷,汇入河中。
(4) I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我真的很担心他,但是这个地方既不适合教训她,也不适合和她争论。
(5) It was a nova!
这是一颗新星!
英语动词有时、身体变化、语气,而汉语动词没有平等的表达形式,翻译通常需要添加一些词来表达身体和语气。例如:
(1) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这只是一种亲热的表达,但现在看来,这是为了闻到羔羊的味道,以确定它是否是自己生的。
(2) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 他成全了我的获释,我过去很感激,现在还很感激。
(3) The old man said, " They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are."
老人说:“听人说,他父亲以前是个打鱼的人。他过去可能和我们现在一样穷。”
(4) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
原来老人教孩子钓鱼,所以孩子很爱他。
(5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.
现在英国散文华巧而不简单,但过去并不总是这样。
英语的可数名词不同于单数和复数,而汉语则不同。翻译通常需要添加单词来传达这个意思。例如:
(1) The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。
(2) I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看到水泡从水下升起。
(3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫怒吼。
(4) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山已经开始在山谷里投下蓝色的长影。
(5) An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
一个人的一生可以比作一条河:一开始身体很小,两岸很窄,水流湍急,冲过砾石,飞下瀑布。
省略句常用于英语,翻译时应根据汉语的表达习惯进行适当的补充。例如:
(1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would. 
我猜如果那天晚上爸爸喝醉了,我可以锯完洞钻出去。我计算他会喝醉的。(补充he would后省略的成分)
(2) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.
她吃得很少;她讨厌食物,我觉得她也讨厌生活。
(3) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.
我转过身来,看到约翰咧着嘴笑,满脸期待;他热切的目光想从我的脸上看出他是否赢得了我的青睐。他真的赢得了我的青睐。(添加he had后省略的部分)
(4) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
过度勇敢意味着勇敢;过度爱意味着溺爱;过度节俭意味着贪婪。(添加省略的in excess becomes)
二、为意义上的需要
有时需要添加适当的动词、形容词或副词,使翻译意义清晰,如:
(1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时,我发现自己在水里,虽然浸泡了半死,但本能地漂浮着。(补充动词)(虽然原文没有“发现”,但译者根据上下文补充了它,使翻译的意义更加清晰和流畅。)
(2) He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.
毫无疑问,他认为会有温暖的拥抱,餐桌上的食物,激动的眼泪,快乐的笑声,一个接一个的对话,一个接一个的拥抱,无尽的。(翻译中增加了三个相应的形容词,生动地描绘了他想象中的快乐场景,使意义更清晰,表达更生动。)
(3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上参加宴会、音乐会、观看乒乓球表演后,他不得不起草最后的公报。
(4) These soon told her,… how easy it was and how little it interfered with life's affairs to go and see one's grave.
这些人很快就告诉她…看看他们亲戚的坟墓有多容易,几乎一点也不妨碍他们的日常生活。
(5) The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood.
此时已是万里蓝天,太阳将光彩夺目的钻石洒在草原上,洒在河岸上,洒在树林上。
有时必须添加合适的名词或重复相同的名词,以澄清其含义,例如:
(1) These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
这些早期的汽车速度慢,动作笨拙,效率低下。(译文中在形容词前加入了三个名词,即使译文意思清晰,也形成了对称整洁的四字短语。)
英语中有一些来自动词或形容词的抽象名词。在翻译过程中,也可以根据上下文添加适当的名词,使翻译意义清晰,符合汉语的表达习惯。例如:
darkness 漆黑一团
madness 疯狂行为
complacency 自满情绪
backwardness 落后状态
(1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.
一切准备就绪后,飞机飞越美国到旧金山。
(2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.
国与国之间的争端诉诸武力并不是最好的解决办法。
有时还需要添加适当的连词,例如:
(3)Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果你不知道自己的错误,你怎么能后悔和纠正它呢?(添加“如果”使原始含蓄条件句中的隐含含义清晰。)
三、修辞的需要
为了使译文美观、生动或强调,有时有必要重复某些单词或添加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、连接上下的单词和概括词。例如:
(1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting.
可怜这个温柔的小女孩,一颗心颤抖着跳了起来,她环顾四周,一直想念她的爱人,相信他。(译文没有”hoping and beating“简单地翻译成“期待和跳动”,但增加了一些描述性的词来描述女孩想念情人的情绪,让人们看到他人,听他们的声音,产生一种可触摸的三维感觉。)
(2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.
他们的主人,(又是)割,(又是)倒,(又是)上菜,(又是)切面包,(又是)说,(又是)笑,(又是)敬酒,忙个不停。(添加语气助词和总结词)
(3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几次温柔、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。(叠词)
(4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him.
她多体贴啊!如果有一天晚上又冷又湿,或者刮风,她一定要倒一杯混合甜饮料,等他喝。(原文And her thoughtfulness!这是一个感叹句,在翻译过程中添加了“多”副词、语气助词“啊”,准确地传达了原文的句型和语气。)

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